tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10440556102278979432024-03-21T10:34:46.483+04:00Islamic Corner (Al Ameer School-ajman) Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-62141331924230452192015-09-20T21:21:00.002+04:002015-09-20T21:24:58.164+04:00IBN-AL-HAYTHAM (FATHER OF MODERN OPTICS)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBiNU47LasWyJDmTWPzLH4HaqQPl1MRCBmlljVzzMeOcyVKKSVtWwU2Cbue5jIcoNbjLmAXE2C8PYwQdc3G0kNG0zLLTgg5mwu7r5dOjCjIoCmBMdx8PlEahGSiUcx0yAuOi2jPtoxrUkh/s1600/is.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBiNU47LasWyJDmTWPzLH4HaqQPl1MRCBmlljVzzMeOcyVKKSVtWwU2Cbue5jIcoNbjLmAXE2C8PYwQdc3G0kNG0zLLTgg5mwu7r5dOjCjIoCmBMdx8PlEahGSiUcx0yAuOi2jPtoxrUkh/s1600/is.gif" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.1px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b> IBN-AL-HAYTHAM</b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.1px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 16.1px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn
al-Haytham (Arabic: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم), frequently referred
to as Ibn al-Haytham (Arabic: ابن الهيثم, Latinized as Alhazen[Notes 1] or
Alhacen; c. 965 – c. 1040), was an Arab[8] polymath and philosopher who is
widely considered as one of the most influential scientists of all time.
Referred to as the father of experimental physics and modern optics and
scientific methodology, he made significant contributions to the principles of
optics, astronomy, mathematics, meteorology, visual perception and the
scientific method.</span></b><span style="color: #1f497d; mso-themecolor: text2;"><o:p></o:p></span><b><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"><w:sdtpr></w:sdtpr></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen is regarded
to be the first theoretical physicist and he has been the earliest to discover
that a hypothesis has the necessity to be experimented through confirmable
procedures or mathematical evidence, hence developing the scientific method 200
years before it was approved by Renaissance scientists.In medieval Europe, he
was honored as Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second") or simply
called "The Physicist". He is also sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic:
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">البصري</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
after Basra, his birthplace. He spent most of his life close to the court of
the Fatimid Caliphate in Cairo and earned his living authoring various
treatises and tutoring members of the nobilities.</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ibn al-Haytham
(Alhazen) was born c. 965 in Basra, which was then part of the Buyid emirate, to
an Arab family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen arrived in
Cairo under the reign of Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim, a patron of the sciences who
was particularly interested in astronomy. He proposed to the Caliph a hydraulic
project to improve regulation of the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an
early attempt at building a dam at the present site of the Aswan Dam, but later
his field work convinced him of the technical impracticality of this scheme.
Alhazen continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous University
of al-Azhar, until his death in 1040. Legend has it that after deciding the
scheme was impractical and fearing the caliph's anger, Alhazen feigned madness
and was kept under house arrest from 1011 until al-Hakim's death in 1021.
During this time, he wrote his influential Book of Optics and continued to
write further treatises on</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">
astronomy, geometry, number theory, optics and natural philosophy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Among his students
were Sorkhab (Sohrab), a Persian from Semnan who was his student for over 3
years, and Abu al-Wafa Mubashir ibn Fatek, an Egyptian prince who learned
mathematics from Alhazen</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle#Theorems" title="Circle"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">theorem of Ibn Haytham</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen's most
famous work is his seven-volume treatise on optics Kitab al-Manazir (Book of
Optics), written from 1011 to 1021.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHL1VM4g_XcyRmwufufdoPBWuug7oG2kykl1BJ9O28eVuRuU-hm4kRzsPKB8jveTvqcLD4MgjJ1ovYS7FTkq_47CLh-vwkJRtHptRop-rAjWnW1mCD5l9hP0YsEU6u7Dg9QLiG-XBh5TOg/s1600/islam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The theorem of Ibn Haytham" border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHL1VM4g_XcyRmwufufdoPBWuug7oG2kykl1BJ9O28eVuRuU-hm4kRzsPKB8jveTvqcLD4MgjJ1ovYS7FTkq_47CLh-vwkJRtHptRop-rAjWnW1mCD5l9hP0YsEU6u7Dg9QLiG-XBh5TOg/s320/islam.jpg" style="cursor: move;" title="" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Theory of Ibn Haytham</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Optics was
translated into Latin by an unknown scholar at the end of the 12th century or
the beginning of the 13th century. It was printed by Friedrich Risner in 1572,
with the title Optics treasure: Arab Alhazeni seven books, published for the
first time: The book of the Twilight of the clouds and ascensions). Risner is
also the author of the name variant "Alhazen"; before Risner he was
known in the west as Alhacen, which is the correct transcription of the Arabic
name. This work enjoyed a great reputation during the Middle Ages. Works by
Alhazen on geometric subjects were discovered in the Bibliothèque nationale in
Paris in 1834 by E. A.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">
Sedillot. In all, A. Mark Smith has accounted for 18 full or near-complete
manuscripts, and five </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">fragments,
which are preserved in 14 locations, including one in the Bodleian Library at
Oxford, and one in the library of B.ruges<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THEORY OF VISION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Two major theories
on vision prevailed in classical antiquity. The first theory, the emission
theory, was supported by such thinkers as Euclid and Ptolemy, who believed that
sight worked by the eye emitting rays of light. The second theory, the intromission
theory supported by Aristotle and his followers, had physical forms entering
the eye from an object.</span><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen's achievement was to come up with
a theory which successfully combined parts of the mathematical ray arguments of
Euclid, the medical tradition of Galen, and the intromission theories of
Aristotle. Alhazen's intromission theory followed al-Kindi (and broke with
Aristotle) in asserting that "from each point of every colored body,
illuminated by any light, issue light and color along every straight line that
can be drawn from that point".</span><span style="font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen's
most original contribution was that after describing how he thought the eye was
anatomically constructed, he went on to consider how this anatomy would behave
functionally as an optical system. His understanding of pinhole projection from
his experiments appears to have influenced his consideration of image inversion
in the eye, which he sought to avoid. He maintained that the rays that fell
perpendicularly on the lens (or glacial humor as he called it) were further
refracted outward as they left the glacial humor and the resulting image thus
passed upright into the optic nerve at the back of the eye. He followed Galen
in believing that the lens was the receptive organ of sight, although some of
his work hints that he thought the retina was also involved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen's synthesis
of light and vision adhered to the Aristotelian scheme, exhaustively describing
the process of vision in a logical, complete fashion</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Refraction<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Smith 2010 has noted
that Alhazen's treatment of refraction describes an experimental setup without
publication of data. Ptolemy published his experimental results for refraction,
in contrast. One generation before Alhazen, Ibn Sahl discovered his statement
of the lengths of the hypotenuse for each incident and refracted right
triangle, respectively. This is equivalent to Descartes' formulation for
refraction. Alhazen's convention for describing the incident and refracted
angles is still in use. His failure to publish his data is an open question.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Optical treatises<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Besides the Book of
Optics, Alhazen wrote several other treatises on the same subject, including
his Risala fi l-Daw’ (Treatise on Light). He investigated the properties of
luminance, the rainbow, eclipses, twilight,</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">andmoonlight. Experiments with mirrors and magnifying lenses
provided the foundation for his theories on catoptrics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Celestial physics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen discussed
the physics of the celestial region in his Epitome of Astronomy, arguing that
Ptolemaic models needed to be understood in terms of</span><span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">physical objects rather than abstract
hypotheses; in other words that it should be possible to create physical models
where (for example) none of the celestial bodies would collide with each other.
The suggestion of mechanical models for the Earth centred Ptolemaic
model"greatly contributed to the eventual triumph of the Ptolemaic system
among the Christians of the West". Alhazen's determination to root
astronomy in the realm of physical objects was important however, because it
meant astronomical hypotheses "were accountable to the laws of
physics", and could be criticised and improved upon in those terms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He also wrote Maqala
fi daw al-qamar (On the Light of the Moon).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mechanics <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In his work, Alhazen
discussed theories on the motion of a body. In his Treatise on Place, Alhazen
disagreed with Aristotle's view that nature abhors a void, and he used geometry
in an attempt to demonstrate that place (al-makan) is the imagined
three-dimensional void between the inner surfaces of a containing body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Astronomical works<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On the
Configuration of the World<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In his On the
Configuration of the World Alhazen presented a detailed description of the
physical structure of the earth:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The earth as a whole
is a round sphere whose center is the center of the world. It is stationary in
its [the world's] middle, fixed in it and not moving in any direction nor
moving with any of the varieties of motion, but always at rest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Doubts
Concerning Ptolemy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In his Al-Shukūk
‛alā Batlamyūs, variously translated as Doubts Concerning Ptolemy or Aporias
against Ptolemy, published at some time between 1025 and 1028, Alhazen
criticized Ptolemy's Almagest, Planetary Hypotheses, and Optics, pointing out
various contradictions he found in these works, particularly in astronomy.
Ptolemy's Almagest concerned mathematical theories regarding the motion of the
planets, whereas the Hypotheses concerned what Ptolemy thought was the actual
configuration of the planets. Ptolemy himself acknowledged that his theories
and configurations did not always agree with each other, arguing that this was
not a problem provided it did not result in noticeable error, but Alhazen was
particularly scathing in his criticism of the inherent contradictions in
Ptolemy's works.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Having pointed out
the problems, Alhazen appears to have intended to resolve the contradictions he
pointed out in Ptolemy in a later work. Alhazen's belief was that there was a
"true configuration" of the planets which Ptolemy had failed to
grasp; his intention was to complete and repair Ptolemy's system, not to
replace it completely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In the Doubts
Concerning Ptolemy Alhazen set out his views on the difficulty of attaining
scientific knowledge and the need to question existing authorities and
theories:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Truth is sought for
itself [but] the truths, [he warns] are immersed in uncertainties [and the
scientific authorities (such as Ptolemy, whom he greatly respected) are] not
immune from error...[58]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He held that the
criticism of existing theories—which dominated this book—holds a special place
in the growth of scientific knowledge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Model of
the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen's The Model
of the Motions of Each of the Seven Planets was written c. 1038. Only one
damaged manuscript has been found, with only the introduction and the first section,
on the theory of planetary motion, surviving. (There was also a second section
on astronomical calculation, and a third section, on astronomical instruments.)
Following on from his Doubts on Ptolemy, Alhazen described a new,
geometry-based planetary model, describing the motions of the planets in terms
of spherical geometry, infinitesimal geometry and trigonometry. He kept a
geocentric universe and assumed that celestial motions are uniformly circular,
which required the inclusion of epicycles to explain observed motion, but he
managed to eliminate Ptolemy's equant. In general, his model made no attempt to
provide a causal explanation of the motions, but concentrated on providing a
complete, geometric description which could be used to explain observed
motions, without the contradictions inherent in Ptolemy's model.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Other
astronomical works<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen wrote a
total of twenty-five astronomical works, some concerning technical issues such
as Exact Determination of the Meridian, a second group concerning accurate
astronomical observation, a third group concerning various astronomical
problems and questions such as the location of the Milky Way; Alhazen argued
for a distant location, based on the fact that it does not move in relation to
the fixed stars. The fourth group consists of ten works on astronomical theory,
including the Doubts and Model of the Motions discussed above.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mathematical works<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In mathematics,
Alhazen built on the mathematical works of Euclid and Thabit ibn Qurra and
worked on "the beginnings of the link between algebra and geometry.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He developed a
formula for adding the first 100 natural numbers, using a geometric proof to
prove the formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Geometry<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The two blue lunes
together have the same area as the green right triangle.</span><b><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKY9g6_CrFIUSyt0Is7GXV_C8dgi8vyuEgfegxDGzs9kBHovDLSPGmmddjGGXD0jlKkVwvvEjIodWXDAClSZk0I1Ixhbh9RWeozhLsynVnUmz5lwGns96f7D_pCl_9849xD1uUENahAZhE/s1600/i.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKY9g6_CrFIUSyt0Is7GXV_C8dgi8vyuEgfegxDGzs9kBHovDLSPGmmddjGGXD0jlKkVwvvEjIodWXDAClSZk0I1Ixhbh9RWeozhLsynVnUmz5lwGns96f7D_pCl_9849xD1uUENahAZhE/s1600/i.png" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Alhazen explored
what is now known as the Euclidean parallel postulate, the fifth postulate in
Euclid's Elements, using a proof by contradiction, and in effect introducing
the concept of motion into geometry. He formulated the Lambert quadrilateral,
which Boris Abramovich Rozenfeld names the "Ibn al-Haytham–Lambert
quadrilateral". His theorems on quadrilaterals, including the Lambert
quadrilateral, were the first theorems on elliptical geometry and hyperbolic
geometry. These theorems, along with his alternative postulates, such as
Playfair's axiom, can be seen as marking the beginning of non-Euclidean
geometry. His work had a considerable influence on its development among the
later Persian geometers Omar Khayyám and Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī, and the European
geometers Witelo, Gersonides, and Alfonso.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In elementary
geometry, Alhazen attempted to solve the problem of squaring the circle using
the area of lunes (crescent shapes), but later gave up on the impossible task.
The two lunes formed from a right triangle by erecting a semicircle on each of
the triangle's sides, inward for the hypotenuse and outward for the other two
sides, are known as the lunes of Alhazen; they have the same total area as the
triangle itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Number
theory<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">His contributions to
number theory include his work on perfect numbers. In his Analysis and
Synthesis, Alhazen may have been the first to state that every even perfect
number is of the form 2n−1(2n − 1) where 2n − 1 is prime, but he was not able
to prove this result successfully (Euler later proved it in the 18th century).Alhazen
solved problems involving congruences using what is now called Wilson's
theorem. In his Opuscula, Alhazen considers the solution of a system of
congruences, and gives two general methods of solution. His first method, the
canonical method, involved Wilson's theorem, while his second method involved a
version of the Chinese remainder theorem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LIST OF WORK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">According to
medieval biographers, Alhazen wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of
subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known. Most of his
works are now lost, but more than 50 of them have survived to some extent.
Nearly half of his surviving works are on mathematics, 23 of them are on
astronomy, and 14 of them are on optics, with a few on other subjects. Not all
his surviving works have yet been studied, but some of the ones that have are
given below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1. Book of Optics (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">كتاب المناظر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2. Analysis and Synthesis (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة في التحليل
والتركيب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3. Balance of Wisdom (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ميزان الحكمة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4. Corrections to the Almagest (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">تصويبات على المجسطي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">5. Discourse on Place (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة في المكان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">6. Exact Determination of the Pole (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">التحديد الدقيق
للقطب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">7. Exact Determination of the Meridian (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">رسالة في الشفق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">8. Finding the Direction of Qibla by
Calculation (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">كيفية حساب اتجاه القبلة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">9. Horizontal Sundials (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">المزولة الأفقية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">10. Hour Lines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">11. Doubts Concerning Ptolemy (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">شكوك على بطليموس</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">12. Maqala fi'l-Qarastun (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة في قرسطون</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">13. On Completion of the Conics (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">إكمال المخاريط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">14. On Seeing the Stars (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">رؤية الكواكب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">15. On Squaring the Circle (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة فی تربیع
الدائرة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">16. On the Burning Sphere ( </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">المرايا المحرقة
بالدوائر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">17. On the Configuration of the World (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">تكوين العالم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.-)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">18. On the Form of Eclipse (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة فی صورة الکسوف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>-)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">19. On the Light of Stars (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة في ضوء النجوم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> - )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">20. On the Light of the Moon (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة في ضوء القمر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">21. On the Milky Way (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة في درب التبانة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">22. On the Nature of Shadows (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">كيفيات الإظلال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">23. On the Rainbow and Halo (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">مقالة في قوس قزح</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">24. Opuscula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">25. Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Almagest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">26. Resolution of Doubts Concerning the Winding
Motion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">27. The Correction of the Operations in Astronomy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">28. The Different Heights of the Planets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">29. The Direction of Mecca (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">اتجاه القبلة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">30. The Model of the Motions of Each of the Seven
Planets (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">نماذج حركات الكواكب السبعة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">31. The Model of the Universe (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">نموذج الكون</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">32. The Motion of the Moon (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">حركة القمر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">33. The Ratios of Hourly Arcs to their Heights<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">34. The Winding Motion (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الحركة المتعرجة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">35. Treatise on Light (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">رسالة في الضوء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">36. Treatise on Place (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">رسالة في المكان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">37. Treatise on the Influence of Melodies on the
Souls of Animals (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">تأثير اللحون الموسيقية في النفوس الحيوانية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">38. (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">كتاب في تحليل المسائل
الهندسية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">39. (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">الجامع في أصول
الحساب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">40. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">قول فی مساحة الکرة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">41. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">القول المعروف بالغریب
فی حساب المعاملات</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">42. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">خواص المثلث من
جهة العمود</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">43. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">رسالة فی مساحة
المسجم المکافی</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">44. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">شرح أصول إقليدس</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">45. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">المرايا المحرقة
بالقطوع</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Lost
works<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1. A Book in which I have Summarized the
Science of Optics from the Two Books of Euclid and Ptolemy, to which I have
added the Notions of the First Discourse which is Missing from Ptolemy's Book.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Commemorations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ibn Al-Haytham's
work has been commemorated by the naming of the Alhazen crater on the moon
after him. The asteroid 59239 Alhazen was also named in his honour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In 2014, the
"Hiding in the Light" episode of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey,
presented by Neil deGrasse Tyson, focused on the accomplishments of Ibn
al-Haytham. He was voiced by Alfred Molina in the episode.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">UNESCO has declared
2015 the International Year of Light. Amongst others, this will be celebrating
Ibn Al-Haytham's achievements in optics, mathematics and astronomy. An
international campaign, created by the1001 Inventions organisation, titled 1001
Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham featuring a series of interactive
exhibits, workshops and live shows about his work will partner with science
centers, science festivals, museums, and educational institutions, as well as
digital and social media platforms. The campaign also produced and released the
short educational film 1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham, which
is notable for being the final movie role for actor Omar Sharif before his
death in July 2015. 1001 Inventions is a founding partner of the International
Year of Light.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">UNESCO's website on
Ibn al-Haytham copies a part from Jim Al-Khalili's popular history Pathfinders:
The Golden Age of Arabic Science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-49089830736153457972015-09-02T20:46:00.001+04:002015-09-17T00:03:40.280+04:00Eid-ul-Adha-The complete dedication to the almighty (24-09-2015)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="background: white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Two
of the most important Islamic festivals of the year are Eid-ul-Fitr and
Eid-ul-Adha. While the former marks the end of the long fasting month of
Ramadan, Eid-ul-Adha marks the end of Hajj, the sacred pilgrimage to the holy
city Mecca. It's customary for every able Muslim (as prescribed in the Five
Pillars of Islam) to go on a Hajj at least once during his lifetime. Also
popularly known as the Festival of Sacrifice, this Muslim holiday Eid-ul-Adha
commemorates Prophet Ibrahim’s unselfish act of sacrificing his own son Ishmael
to the One God, Allah.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
history behind Eid-ul-Adha follows the story of the faithful Ibrahim, who was
instructed by Allah in a dream to raise the foundations of Kaaba, a black
stone, the most sacred Muslim shrine in Mecca (Saudi Arabia), which the Muslims
face during their prayers (Salat). Immediately responding to the Lord's call,
Ibrahim set off for Mecca along with his wife and son,
Ismael. At that time, Mecca was a desolate and barren desert and Ibrahim had to
face a lot of hardships. However, he supplicated Allah's commands
uncomplaining. In a divine dream, he also saw himself sacrificing his son
Ishmael for Allah's sake. When he told this to Ishmael, the latter immediately
asked his father to carry out Lord's commands without faltering and assured
that he was completely ready to give up his life for God. But miraculously
enough, when Ibrahim was about to sacrifice Ishmael, Allah spared the boy's
life and replaced him with a lamb. And this is what Ibrahim ultimately
sacrificed.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To
commemorate this outstanding act of sacrifice (Qurbani) by Prophet Ibrahim ,
people sacrifice a lamb, goat, ram or any other cattle which is Halal in Islam
on Eid-ul-Adha and give the meat to friends, neighbors, relatives and the
needy. People who are away from the holy pilgrimage, Hajj, also carry out this
traditional sacrifice. Hence Eid-ul-Adha is also known as the Feast of
Sacrifice or the Day of Sacrifice.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Eid-ul-Adha
begins from the 10th day of the 12th Islamic month Dhul-Hijjah. But the date of
Eid-ul-Adha depends on the visibility of the moon each year. Eid-ul-Adha is
known by different names in different parts of the world. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For instance,
Eid-ul-Adha is known by the name Hari Raya Aidiladha in south-east Asia. In
Singapore, the local name for Eid-ul-Adha is Hari Raya Haji and in Malaysia,
people refer to this festival as Id al-Adha and has made it a national holiday
there. Indians know Eid-ul-Adha as Id al-Adha or Idu'z Zuha. And in Bangladesh,
Eid-ul-Adha is known as Eid-ul-Azha or sometimes even Id al-Adha. But whatever
the name, the celebratory spirit of Eid-ul-Adha runs high among Muslims all
over the world, the geographical variations notwithstanding.</span></span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What does Eid al-Adha commemorate?</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During
the Hajj, Muslims remember and commemorate the trials and triumphs of the Prophet
Ibrahim. The Qur'an describes Ibrahim as follows:</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">"Surely
Ibrahim was an example, obedient to Allah, by nature upright, and he was not of
the polytheists. He was grateful for our bounties. We chose him and guided him
unto a right path. We gave him good in this world, and in the next he will most
surely be among the righteous." (Qur'an 16:120-121)</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One
of Ibrahim’s main trials was to face the command of Allah to kill his only son.
Upon hearing this command, he prepared to submit to Allah's will. When he was
all prepared to do it, Allah revealed to him that his "sacrifice" had
already been fulfilled. He had shown that his love for his Lord superseded all
others that he would lay down his own life or the lives of those dear to him in
order to submit to God.</span></span><b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Why do Muslims sacrifice an animal on this day?</span></span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">During
the celebration of Eid al-Adha, Muslims commemorate and remember Ibrahim’s
trials, by themselves slaughtering an animal such as a sheep, camel, or goat.
This action is very often misunderstood by those outside the faith.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Allah
has given us power over animals and allowed us to eat meat, but only if we
pronounce His name at the solemn act of taking life.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Muslims slaughter animals
in the same way throughout the year. By saying the name of Allah at the time of
slaughter, we are reminded that life is sacred.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
meat from the sacrifice of Eid al-Adha is mostly given away to others.
One-third is eaten by immediate family and relatives, one-third is given away
to friends, and one-third is donated to the poor. The act symbolizes our
willingness to give up things that are of benefit to us or close to our hearts,
in order to follow Allah's commands. It also symbolizes our willingness to give
up some of our own bounties, in order to strengthen ties of friendship and help
those who are in need. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We recognize that all blessings come from Allah, and we
should open our hearts and share with others.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It
is very important to understand that the sacrifice itself, as practiced by
Muslims, has nothing to do with atoning for our sins or using the blood to wash
ourselves from sin. </span></span><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzdiYNy0qdO-YvRVXfRQw7kUITmpJuVrDGzuhqU9btULEh66_pzQGo5CuM4eYr4HBcdxCEs9jl_J4fHEu6YIA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is a misunderstanding by those of previous
generations: "It is not their meat nor their blood that reaches Allah; it
is your piety that reaches Him." (Qur'an 22:37)</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
symbolism is in the attitude - a willingness to make sacrifices in our lives in
order to stay on the Straight Path. Each of us makes small sacrifices, giving
up things that are fun or important to us. A true Muslim, one who submits his
or herself completely to the Lord, is willing to follow Allah's commands
completely and obediently. It is this strength of heart, purity in faith, and
willing obedience that our Lord desires from us.</span></span><br />
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.5pt;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><b>Done by</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.5pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.5pt;"><b>Sana Navaz</b></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.5pt;"><b>&</b></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.5pt;"><b>Sajitha</b></span></div>
<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><b>Class 12-D</b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-72953050062946814392015-07-15T18:09:00.002+04:002015-09-09T23:09:56.555+04:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">EID
UL FITR</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">After the 30 wonderful days of
fasting and sacrificial worship towards Allah, the day of enjoyment comes and
the day is ‘Eid. The word ‘Eid gives a happy feeling to all the Muslims across
the world. Whether rich or poor, ‘Eid is always ‘Eid. We also buy new dress to
wear on the day of ‘Eid. Prophet Muhammad [S.A] said'' It is Sunnah to buy at
least a new dress to wear on ‘Eid. Most of us celebrate ‘Eid in our
home-countries, aren’t we? We enjoy ‘Eid with our parents, grandparents, uncles,
aunts, cousins, friends, neighbor’s etc. so do you remember the last time you
celebrate ‘Eid in your home country? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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on the night when the ‘Eid is announced. We should give ZAKAT UL FITR
according to the members in a family. Prophet Muhammad [S.A] said ''In my time
, I used to give for ZAKAT UL FITR as food like that of dried dates ,
barley , raisins or dried cheese . Also furniture, clothes and money too. It is
good enough to give zakat as rice. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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In the day of ‘Eid we all woke up early in the morning take a
refreshing bathe in the morning then pray fajr as well as the special prayer i.e.
SALAT UL EID . Where boys along with the fathers pray in Mosque and girls in
their homes with their mothers. Then after the prayers we put on our beautiful
dress and wishes EID MUBARAK one another. And the girls also starts Mehndi on
their hands. Our mom also cooks delicious and mouthwatering food Children runs
to their father and uncles to get on their ‘Eid [gift in form of money and
flowers]. Just can't imagine the day....... Allah [S.W] said '' There
should be no one who doesn't enjoy the ‘Eid''.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <b><i> </i></b></span><b><i><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">SO WISHING ALL MY
HEARTY EID MUBARAK<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></i></b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> DONE BY</span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">AFRIN FATHIMA</span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 8D </span></i></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-14322968751246036432015-06-12T16:05:00.004+04:002015-09-09T23:09:31.137+04:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1>
<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 107%;">RAMADAN –THE MONTH OF BLESSING……….</span></u></i></h1>
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<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Ramadan</span></u></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> is the holy month of Muslim’s. They
undertake fasting in Ramadan. This is the 9<sup>th</sup> month of Islamic
calendar (lunar calendar). In lunar calendar each month starts with sighting of
a new moon and because of this Islamic holidays move each year .The Ramadan, in
each year start from different dates. Ramadan includes praying, fasting and charity.
It focuses on self-sacrifice and devotion to all- mighty, Allah (Swt).It is
called the “month of blessing”.</span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Different dates in different years<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></h1>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/KSHAMS~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">July 9 (2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/KSHAMS~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">June 28 (2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="16" src="file:///C:/Users/KSHAMS~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/03/clip_image001.gif" width="16" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">June 18 (2015)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Why This Month?<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></h1>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
the month of Ramadan Allah (SWT) revealed his first verses. Angel Jibreel (AS)
revealed the verses to the last messenger, Muhammad (SA).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In
mosques about one thirtieth of Qur’an is recited every night in a prayer called
Taraweeh. Reciting Quran is a very good deed done in Ramadan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 107%;">FASTING- in Ramadan<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></h1>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fasting
or sawm is done by all Muslims around the world in the holy month of Ramadan.
During fasting, Muslims do not eat or drink anything including water from subah
prayer (almost sunrise) to Maghreb (almost sunset). For fasting Muslims wake up
before sun rise and eat suhoor, a meal eaten before fasting. Then they make
niyyah to fast. The fasting is cut by another meal known as iftar. It usually
starts with dates and sweet drinks which gives energy fast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">and
cleanses the heart, body and soul. Fasting is also one of the pillars of Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">ZAKAT IN RAMADAN<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></h1>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Zakat means spiritual purification. It purifies our
wealth and keeps us closer to Allah. It is one of five pillars of Islam.
Ramadan is a very good time to give zakat. There is a fard (wajib) zakat in
Ramadan which can be given from the moon’s sight to the Eid-Ul-Fitr prayer.
This zakat can be given to anyone. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">SCIENTIFIC FACTS ABOUT
RAMADAN AND FASTING<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></h1>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There
are many scientific facts about Ramadan and fasting. Fasting helps to reduce
cholesterol, blood sugar and systolic blood pressure. Allah mentioned in Quran
that the fasting in Ramadan will not exceed for more than 14 hour , son there
is no negative result in a person who fast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
long Taraweeh prayers in Ramadan have a great benefit. It utilizes the extra
calorie which could be taken in during Iftar. It reduces stress and relieves
depression and anxiety. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">EID-UL-FITR<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></h1>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ramadan
ends with a festival called Eid-Ul-Fitr. It is one of the two important
festivals of Islam. People wear their finest clothes, give treats to children
and visits their friends and relatives. They also give their charity this day
and they pray a special prayer on Eid-Ul-Fitr.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-45329813292995973542015-06-08T21:20:00.001+04:002015-09-09T23:10:21.402+04:00Wealth: How to earn and How to spend…. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 16pt;"> Wealth: How to earn and How to spend….</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv-jwBP0QLzHcgmWgoPOghqQnKQVB8tkdQliIvTs2riEDAanhHianyiaBSiJqul3Bb_JyfVqGCJ5O8LPF7H49LJpPorfqQ_2Eko65EMsnJYS9Ck2rDHapBcYCpO-ubfOTKfqid1eZxSGsa/s1600/isl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv-jwBP0QLzHcgmWgoPOghqQnKQVB8tkdQliIvTs2riEDAanhHianyiaBSiJqul3Bb_JyfVqGCJ5O8LPF7H49LJpPorfqQ_2Eko65EMsnJYS9Ck2rDHapBcYCpO-ubfOTKfqid1eZxSGsa/s400/isl.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many people claim to live
without money. But let me tell you one thing. “You can’t!”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Like we need food to eat,
water to drink and air to breathe, we also need money to live. Money is one of
the basic necessities of life. It is used as a medium of exchange for goods or
services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When we talk about wealth
or Rizq in Islam, we mostly refer to money related matters. For a teenager, one
might consider the matter to be reserved for adults. We might back off saying that,
we are too young; we don’t earn money so why should we care about it. But if
you take a look into the matter, you may come across many rulings on what Islam
says about money. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rizq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To start with let’s think
about Rizq. Most of us are familiar with the word Rizq. We hear it day in and
day out but never stop to ponder on its meaning. People mistake Rizq to be
wealth. But in reality it is more than that. In a simple sense, Rizq refers to sustenance.
Anything provided to us by Allah, whether it is in the form of money, good
food, a family or even blessings like particular talent or so, is Rizq. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the biggest
problems faced by man since centuries is the desire to earn money. And the
peculiar thing about it is, no matter how much you earn, you still aren’t
satisfied. The usual routine goes on like this,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Today he thinks of a
cycle. Tomorrow he thinks about a bike. The next day he wants a car.The day
after he desires a plane. And if it was possible he would even think about a rocket.
That’s how desires work. Though the heart might cease to stop beating, but
desires won’t.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Now we all know that
Zakah is a pillar of Islam. It is fardh to give a part of our savings to
charity. Zakah also has a ruling that it is obligatory for a person who earns
to give money. Now we as teens may think that we are exempted from this fardh
for the time being. But let me ask you one thing; is it necessary for a person
to be of an appropriate age to give? Why not start now so that it may become a
habit. There is a thing called sadaqah which you can do. It can be in the form
of anything, like helping your mom in household, showing gratitude to people,
obeying your parents, participating in social work, even a smile can be a form
of sadaqah.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Remember you are never
too young to give!<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span class="TitleChar"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Niyyah or intention of
giving</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While you are spending in
the way of Allah do remember that, it for Allah’s sake. Some people spend money
to be looked upon by the people as a generous person. We see a lot of film
stars donating money to charities and foundations, the first thing that goes
into our mind when we see it ,<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> “ Oh he is such a kind person.” <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The news flash worldwide,
people recognize him as a kind and great person.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">But when the same kind of
charity is done by a beggar somewhere in the corner of a dump, He shares his
food with a dog, even though he hasn’t eaten for days. Does someone acknowledge
him? People won’t but Allah will. He is the All Knower, The All-seeing, and
whatever deed is done by the person will be accounted on the Day of Judgment,
no matter how small it is. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And the Quran says, No
small deed even the weight of an atom will go in waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If you take both of the
contributions of the film star and the bigger and compare them, you will find the
beggar’s contribution to be higher. How come so?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> The beggar’s intention was pure and his act
was for Allah’s sake, while the film star’s intention was nothing but to earn
fame.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is said that, give
charity in such a way that the left hand doesn’t know what the right hand
gives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At the same time one must
not practice miserliness in giving.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Remember The more you
give the more you get.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Riba
(interest)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Riba means an increase in
a particular item. The word is derived from a root meaning increase or growth. Riba
originated among the people of the Jaahiliyyah; if a debt became due, they
would say to him (the borrower, “ Give us one hundred (that is due, now), or increase
it to one hundred and fifty(and pay later).
Then when the one hundred and fifty became due, they would say, “Give us
one hundred and fifty (now) or increase it to two hundred and fifty (now), or
increase it to two hundred ( and pay later)”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Islam also forbade
another kind of Riba, namely Riba-Al-Fadl, which means adding to the amount
when exchanging one item for another of the same type. the items or goods
should of the same quality . You shouldn’t give inferior goods in exchange for
superior goods.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Repaying of
debt</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Debt repayment is VERY
important in Islam.</span><b> </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>The Prophet Muhammad (peace upon him)
said</b>,</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“The best among you are those best in paying off debt”</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>(reported
by Muslim)</b></span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">and “procrastination (delay) in repaying
debts by a wealthy person is injustice”</span> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(reported by
Bukhari).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b>
<br />
Another hadith states</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Whoever contracts a debt intending
to repay it, Allah will repay it on his behalf, and whoever contracts a debt
intending to waste it, Allah will bring him to ruin”</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(reported
by Bukhari).</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This hadith emphasizes
that those contracting debt with the intention to repay will be granted the
means to do so. However, at the same time it warns against acquiring debt that
one does not have the means or intention to repay.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Greed</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Saadaan says: I asked Imam Sadiq (a.s.): What
strengthens the Faith of man? He replied: Piety. And what drives man out of
religion? He said: Greed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amirul Mo-mineen (a.s.)
has, reportedly, said: One who approached a wealthy man just for the sake of
his wealth and thereby, gives him respect loses two-third of his religion<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Miserliness
and Extravagance</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Allah has provided wealth
to spend . If a person stores it for a specific reason , then it is permissible
for him to do so, as long as he fulfills all the needs of his family. But if he
doesn’t fulfill the needs of his family and gathers more and spends less, then
it is not permissible.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> The Prophet, peace upon him, mentioned, “When
Allah created the Garden of Eden He created in it what no eye has seen, what no
ear has heard, and when no heart has imagined. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Then he said to it,
‘Speak!’ <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It said, ‘The believers
will succeed [in attaining me].’ <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">He said, ‘I swear by my
might, a miser will not experience nearness to Me in you.’”<br />
Al-Tabarani, al-Kabir, 11,439<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another case of spending
money is when the person spends more than needed in other words extravagant spending. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Israaf means going too
far and exceeding the limit .Any action which an individual performs which
exceeds the limits is considered as being Israaf'. Based upon this, it is clear
that Israaf does not only relate to food and drink or even to financial matters
alone; it is much more comprehensive in meaning. It can also be stated that
israaf can relate to any excess in behavior, emotions, or spirit; it can also
relate to any excess in ethical, cultural, or social characteristics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CONCLUSION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In the end the question
revolves and comes to us,<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Do you follow the rules?”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If yes, then
Alhamdulillah you are going in the right direction. If no, then start now. Beginnings
are always the hardest, but if you push yourself a little, make a good
intention, and set a goal, and then Inshallah you will surely achieve it. Sometimes
you think that trying is a waste if the goal is impossible to reach, but let me
tell you one thing , Allah blesses those who try the hardest even if they know
that it will take eternity for them to reach that goal.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">And Also, <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">You Never Know Which Good
Deed Is Your Ticket To Jannah!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b> Done by</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Samar Muskan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="rtl" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b> </b></span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> XI-B</b><br />
<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></b>
<br />
<div dir="ltr">
<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></b></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"><i>Jazakallah for reading and do comment. We value your opinion.</i></span></div>
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</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-20802719517464317162015-06-08T19:36:00.000+04:002015-06-08T19:36:22.633+04:00An Islamic approach to environment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "Arial Black",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">An Islamic approach to environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #548dd4; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: text2; mso-themetint: 153;">What is
environment?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">We know that the problem of the
environment is today’s most of the serious problem. It is a problem that
threatens not only us, but the whole world, and future generation and to help
in solving them. We should therefore first of all ask: what do we understand by
the environment?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">One scientist answered this question
by saying,”we have 4095 environment.’ By this he wanted to emphasize that when
saying “environment” it is insufficient to understand only the natural
environment. The Quran expresses this as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">To God belong the East and the West,
whithersoever you turn, there is God’s Countenance. For God All-embracing, all
knowing. [1]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This induced us to consider the
environment from a broad perspective. We should not forget that the creator and
Owner of all environments is at the same time our Creator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thus our environment is formed by
our house, garden and car, the air we breathe, the water we drink , the town in
which we live and the people we live with. So too it is formed by seas, lakes,
rivers, roads, mountains, and forest, which are shared by all members of
society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #632423; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 128;">The Islamic view of the environment<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Firstly, I should say that according
to Islam, everything in the universe is created by God. It is God who adorns
the skies with sun, the moon and the star, and the face of the earth with
flowers, trees, garden, orchards, and the various animal species. It is again
God Who causes the rivers and streams to flow on earth, who upholds the skies,
causes the all plants and animals as pairs, in this way causing their
procreation. God created man subsequently to all these.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">We are vicegerents on the earth, it
has been given us in trust. Just as we are not the lords of nature and the world,
so the world is not our property which we can dispose of as we wish or as we
are able. Nature was created by God and it belongs to him. Everything in nature is a sign of god’s
existence; that is, a token or massive. The Quran expresses the truth as follows;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">We shall show them our signs in the regions,
and in their own soul.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">The earth is also important in
regard to concept of mutual relation. Human beings are created from two its
elements: earth and water, thus, if man becomes alienated from earth, he
becomes alienated from his very nature. He is not lord and ruler of earth; he
is a humble member of it. The superior qualities and faculties he poses require
not that he irresponsibly consumes and destroys its beauties and resource, but
that he acts in awareness of his great responsibility towards them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The
importance of cleanliness<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Islam considers being one of the
fundamentals of belief. It thus makes a direct connection between belief and
cleanliness. It is because of this that throughout the age’s cleanliness has
been one of Muslims’ most striking characteristics. In one Hadith, God’s
messenger says: “Cleanliness is part of belief”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Throughout his life Prophet Muhammad
[PBUH] paid attention to cleanliness of every sort. For instance he was always
careful when going to the mosque or to visit someone or when being in the
company of others to wear clean and presentable clothes, to rub fragrant scents
o himself, and not to eat things like onions and garlic which would be unpleasant
to others.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">One of the most important topics
that come to mind when one says “environmental health” is the cleanliness” is
the cleanliness of the common environment. These are the places such as the
roads, places of worships, school, parks etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">What has to be done to maintain the
cleanliness of the social environment is to think not of ourselves but of
others. We should not forget that God’s messenger [PBUH] forbade the dirtying
of the roads and path people used, and the place they sat and rested etc. he
said to remove a branch or throne that would cause hurt to people as they
passed was a part of belief.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Muslims should scrupulously avoid
anything to upsets or disturbs others in any circumstances or in any pace. To
pollute or dirty the city in which one lives, or the town or village and their
surrounding countryside, water, air, and scatter rubbish and refuse is both a
sin and extremely discourteous. It is the lack of thought both for oneself and
others. For thoughtful people know that
others will be disturbed by the any place they have dirtied, and the beauty of
nature spoilt. They are aware that it is the attribute of the believer and a
sign of maturity not to leave scattered nutshell, bottles, cans, wrappers, and
a bits of paper other refuse in the streets and in picnic areas, or to do
anything that will disturb other people, or even the animals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. The preservation of environment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.1. Trees in the Quran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Doubtless, one of the most important
aspects of protecting the environment and ecology is the conservation of trees,
forests, woodland, countryside, and all the living creatures whose habitats are
such areas. We see that the religion of Islam puts forward important principle
for these too. These noteworthy principle related to the conservation of such
areas may be classed as moral and legal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">If we look in Quran the word “tree”
is mentioned with various meanings. Despite containing no direct no direct
command to command to plant trees, it speaks of trees and gardens and offered
them for man use. The word “tree” is
mentioned in Quran in 25 times in the Quran and the word “paradise” in the
sense of garden 146 times.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">It is clear that the Islamic world
view could not endorse any view of man’s vagrancy of the earth which destroys
and spoils the ecological balances and the order and systems of nature, which
it teaches that God has created and put as sign of His own existence. For
vicegerent means ‘deputy’ And this in turn means that man is the sole being
whom God holds responsible for the earth,
to whom He has entrusted its preservation. Such a deputy would not
betray the trust of the One who created the world with a particular order,
balance, and harmony. If he was to spoil the order and harmony and destroy
them, he would be known as an unreliable and perfidious deputy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4.2. Animals in Quran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">On looking at the Quran, the
prominent place given animals, the key members of the eco system, is
immediately apparent. A number of its suras bear animal’ names: al-Baqara;
al-Nahl, al-Anqabut, al-Naml.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">One of the striking expressions the
Quran uses about animals is that they are a “community”. It is especially
noteworthy that this concept, which is a significant concept in Islamic
tradition and literature, should also be used for animals:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">There is not an animal on the earth
or a being that flies on its wings, but communities like you. Nothing have we
omitted from the book, and they shall be gathered to their Lord in the end.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ccPDOrGJ8l05pOiNtL1xhWmdX1Fi0iApS19tSLiVUBFUTh0SlrjN_mZJXSbq6ilywL-oSwoMsFozcxwB5hGUFRWXXR74LJ4IVS4BShnNLixXKkXI3y3Rzhv-YnNURbeCJSV5Nqz8za4M/s1600/islaami.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8ccPDOrGJ8l05pOiNtL1xhWmdX1Fi0iApS19tSLiVUBFUTh0SlrjN_mZJXSbq6ilywL-oSwoMsFozcxwB5hGUFRWXXR74LJ4IVS4BShnNLixXKkXI3y3Rzhv-YnNURbeCJSV5Nqz8za4M/s200/islaami.jpg" width="155" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Marwan Manamkandath<br />X-C</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-2425629463050219362015-06-03T20:10:00.000+04:002015-06-03T20:10:58.826+04:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4.0pt 0in;">
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<b>ORNITHOLOGY; The Study
of Birds</b></h2>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b> Ornithology</b> is a
branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. Etymologically, the word
"ornithology" derives from the ancient Greek ὄρνις ornis
("bird") and λόγος logos ("rationale" or
"explanation"). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on
birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behavior and
ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct,
learning, ecological niches, guilds, island bio geography, paleography and
conservation.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While early ornithology was principally
concerned with descriptions and distributions of species, ornithologists today
seek answers to very specific questions, often using birds as models to test
hypotheses or predictions based on theories. Most modern biological theories
apply across taxonomic groups and the number of professional scientists who
identify themselves as "ornithologists" has therefore declined. A
wide range of tools and techniques are used in ornithology, both inside the
laboratory and out in the field, and innovations are constantly made<o:p></o:p></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
BIRDS MENTIONED IN QURAN </h3>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are 2 birds which are specially
mentioned in the holy Qur’an .They are: 1)
Hoopoe and 2) Crow. <b> <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b> The Hoopoe</b> is a colorful
bird found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive "crown"
of feathers. The hoopoe is the national bird of Israel. The Hoopoe has a great
importance in the history of Islam. HOOPOE has been specifically mentioned in Sarah
# 27, An-Naml, twice in the following manner: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘’And he sought among the birds and said:
How is it that I see not the hoopoe,
or is he among the absent?’’ (Surah 27:
Ayah20)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘’ But the
Hoopoe tarried not far: he compassed (territory) which thou has not compassed
and I have come to thee from Saba with tidings true.’’ (Surah 27: Ayah22)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hoopoe was mentioned in the Qur’an not because of its beauty, but it was
the main animal which prophet Suleiman (A.S) used during his period. One day Suleiman
(A. S) found out that the Hoopoe was absent in the court and was angry, but
when the Hoopoe returned it described about a land named Sheba, that their
people worshiped sun than Allah. So prophet Suleiman (A.S) decided to change it
and ended up changing the queen of Sheba, who first rejected to accept Islam,
and her subjects.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<b> The Crow</b> is a widely
distributed genus of birds in the family Corvidae. They are black in color. Crow
has been specifically mentioned in Surah 5 sūrat l-māidah in the following manner:
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘’Then Allah
sent a crow searching in the ground to show him how to hide the disgrace of his
brother. He said, "O woe to me! Have I failed to be like this crow and
hide the body of my brother?" And he became of the regretful.’’ (Surah5:Ayah31)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is a story behind the crow. Imam Ja’afar as siddiq (A.S) told that
Qabil and Habil fought each other and Qabil killed Habil. But he wanted to
protect his brother’s dead body from being devoured by wild animals. So he
carried his brother in a sack and then Allah (swt) wanted to show Qabil how to
hide the body of his brother. So Allah (swt) sent two crows to the earth, they quarreled
each other and one killed the other. Then the killer dug a hole in the earth
and buried the other crow and covered it with dirt. Then Qabil also thought of
the same and did it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is one more kind of bird that was mentioned in the holy qur’an
.This was not a single bird but a group
of birds called Ababeel which can be seen in the qur’an in the following verse:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘’And sent against them birds, in flocks’’(Surah 105:Ayah3)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Here the ‘’birds ,in flocks’’ is referred as the Ababeel.
Allah sent these birds to destroy the army that had come to destroy the holy mosque
in Makkah. The Ethiopian king who wanted to destroy the kabah came with armies
of elephants but Allah the sent the ababeel and they threw stones from sky
which destroyed the whole army.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
SALIM ALI </h3>
<h1>
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We are blessed that we have an ornithologist from our Muslim society ,<b>Salim Ali</b> (12 November 1896 – 20 June
1987) was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist. Sometimes referred to as the
"birdman of India", Salim Ali was among the first Indians to conduct
systematic bird surveys across India and his bird books helped develop
ornithology.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He became the key figure behind
the Bombay Natural History Society after 1947 and used his personal influence to
garner government support for the organization, create the Bharatpur bird
sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park) and prevent the destruction of what is now
the Silent Valley National Park. He was awarded India's second highest civilian
honour, the Padma Vibhushan in 1976<o:p></o:p></div>
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Salim Ali was born into a Sulaimani Bohra Muslim family of Bombay, the
ninth and youngest child. His father Moizuddin died when he was one year old
and his mother Zeenat-un-nissa died when he was three. The children were
brought up by his maternal uncle, Amiruddin Tyabji, and childless aunt, hamida
Begum, in a middle-class household in Khetwadi, Mumbai<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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Salim was introduced to the serious study of birds by W. S. Millard,
secretary of the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), who identified an
unusually colored sparrow that young Salim had shot for sport with his toy air
gun. Millard identified it as a yellow-throated sparrow, and showed Salim
around the Society's collection of stuffed birds. In his autobiography, The
Fall of a Sparrow, Ali notes the yellow-throated sparrow event as the turning
point of his life that led him into ornithology, an unusual career choice,
especially for an Indian in those days.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik7m7v2FO26IVwLyRk44PU7NAgBeNiMvUi9cQc91N17BrkndodyDZh3vta0eHfMmYEuW3DUwx41nVvTFKcSaRWbhx8FdLWal9cXpSfY5ZZZJOtGj9qO2kbX2o7yt5U7O9Gbz261KUmqvN4/s1600/is.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik7m7v2FO26IVwLyRk44PU7NAgBeNiMvUi9cQc91N17BrkndodyDZh3vta0eHfMmYEuW3DUwx41nVvTFKcSaRWbhx8FdLWal9cXpSfY5ZZZJOtGj9qO2kbX2o7yt5U7O9Gbz261KUmqvN4/s200/is.jpg" width="170" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nabeel Nadirshah<br />X-C</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-13560671158603909362015-05-30T12:24:00.000+04:002015-05-30T18:02:00.820+04:00EMBRYOLOGY IN QUR’AN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Poor Richard', serif; font-size: 30pt; line-height: 46px;">EMBRYOLOGY IN QUR’AN</span></b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The Qur’an which was revealed 1400 years back , proofs that it was the revelation from Allah
by testing and relating it to different natural phenomenon and miracles.
Embryology is one among the miracles of Qur’an. Ho w can a person named
Muhammed (PBUH) who live in 7<sup>th</sup> century have the ability to write
such a scientific phenomenon? A person who didn’t have the knowledge to read
and write?</span><span style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/DuXneP5kjnQ/0.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/DuXneP5kjnQ/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DuXneP5kjnQ?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Qur’an once again proofs that these description were
revealed to Muhammed (PBUH) from Allah through the description of the embryonic
development in human body which was found out in the recent times.<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">In the 23<sup>rd</sup> chapter of Qur’an, namely Surah
Al-Mu’minun (The Believers), Allah describes how a human being is formed from 12<sup>th</sup>
to 14<sup>th</sup> verses.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/KSHAMS~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" width="12" /></span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">We
created man from an extract of clay. Then We made him as a drop in a
place of settlement, firmly fixed. Then We made the drop into an alaqah (leech,
suspended thing, and blood clot), then We made the alaqah into a mudghah (chewed
substance)... <img alt="http://www.islam-guide.com/aqwas-ym.jpg" height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/KSHAMS~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/04/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="12" />(Quran,
23:12-14)</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">These 2 verses,
describes the vast phenomenon of embryology. When we look into the detailed
meaning of each lines, we get a clear idea of embryonic development process. This
verses are clearly describing the process of the human development in the
correct chronological order.</span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0vWXzs89kpg5IOM0q7xkENX78Qhc3-D6Pv3qOtybKV-5BTQ4qzHVLfkaDiAeNTlJif00fBWOYieUG16FyjHE9e6_cBnZFOnI486ZxrxEkVsaXO6a8PRVZgbuYW9VLoN7yNAxfpb03jO3o/s1600/isl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0vWXzs89kpg5IOM0q7xkENX78Qhc3-D6Pv3qOtybKV-5BTQ4qzHVLfkaDiAeNTlJif00fBWOYieUG16FyjHE9e6_cBnZFOnI486ZxrxEkVsaXO6a8PRVZgbuYW9VLoN7yNAxfpb03jO3o/s1600/isl.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBLJZcg51qF1uszmMAu-y-GQzi9evXvWHuEJW2bbmty8kPiELFlVdbBH3AOZNZGxYuBSq3rjpqy5WOD27C4K9fLsSmd-39OGXHuzlgQc08tvrU42WIIjRefcd4b2ARifuowwcNEm8eSi6b/s1600/isla.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBLJZcg51qF1uszmMAu-y-GQzi9evXvWHuEJW2bbmty8kPiELFlVdbBH3AOZNZGxYuBSq3rjpqy5WOD27C4K9fLsSmd-39OGXHuzlgQc08tvrU42WIIjRefcd4b2ARifuowwcNEm8eSi6b/s400/isla.png" width="400" /></a><span style="line-height: 115%;">In the technology based
on the 21<sup>st</sup> century, we cannot assure the clear describtion of the
first stage. But we can clearly describe the 2<sup>nd</sup> stage i.e. Embryo.</span><span style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/nuAfmJ3LS4s/0.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/nuAfmJ3LS4s/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/nuAfmJ3LS4s?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span><br /><span style="line-height: 115%;">In relation to the
embryonic development, the specific word used in the verses is ALAQAH. </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">(i)</span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; text-indent: -0.5in;">
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5in;">Literally, the
Arabic word alaqah has three meanings: (1) leech, (2) suspended
thing, and (3) blood clot.</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">When we compare a leech (or
bloodsucker) with an</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">embryo at the stage of Alaqah (24-25 days), </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZxCD9rMbXPGA2iUWbpigUIxFhI7DuMiTeC63V6B9i_sGEh_pkWhSEKFrRC24oXmhGtbE61nT3idcNei1K-Fd_Nh4oaFoJrg3e2hL65G4QbIRPkme5UBrt3N6BxNHE315FhnsLPb1gGp6/s1600/islam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSZxCD9rMbXPGA2iUWbpigUIxFhI7DuMiTeC63V6B9i_sGEh_pkWhSEKFrRC24oXmhGtbE61nT3idcNei1K-Fd_Nh4oaFoJrg3e2hL65G4QbIRPkme5UBrt3N6BxNHE315FhnsLPb1gGp6/s1600/islam.jpg" /></a><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 23px;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">we will be able to see that</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">both of them</span><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">develops a similar look. the embryo at this stage obtains
nourishment from the blood of the mother, similar to the leech, which feeds on
the bood of others. (ii)</span>The second is the
‘Suspended’. When we regard suspension of an developing human, we get through
the hanging of the umbilical cord. But now, we know the umbilical cord is
formed with the connecting stalk. And the connecting stalk is formed just after
the embryo is formed. The connecting stalk has been described by different
scientist as a suspending object of the developing embryo in the extra
embryonic column. Thus, the developing embryo also satisfy<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>this
meaning.<br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">(iii)The third meaning is ‘Blood
clot’. </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwNAnk3S0DAiNAkSwL2B-vwDK69qmF_-JiUkh8YFlnjGqsFWlfw4_AxOfsXTkOqEmwK-PoeFAQFlv3wIUg3jSupFM3a3oktxD4ry_5pu8KYOmf-iCbyXAdA7ClGdfm79rmJTVzfur-nOSl/s1600/islami.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwNAnk3S0DAiNAkSwL2B-vwDK69qmF_-JiUkh8YFlnjGqsFWlfw4_AxOfsXTkOqEmwK-PoeFAQFlv3wIUg3jSupFM3a3oktxD4ry_5pu8KYOmf-iCbyXAdA7ClGdfm79rmJTVzfur-nOSl/s320/islami.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgv_CLkPC3aZ-A2ccsEECgb5BV-WInQJ4uNCib2bZm7XNNt9jl-dvDxRn1cJ-25oqno9MvvgD4d6PGM7SL9gtb1Gi8g6tJcN51tcw3HDubYIxW01O5OQsrpENrW6WALhbNxYc4dDdIw6Ko/s1600/islamic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgv_CLkPC3aZ-A2ccsEECgb5BV-WInQJ4uNCib2bZm7XNNt9jl-dvDxRn1cJ-25oqno9MvvgD4d6PGM7SL9gtb1Gi8g6tJcN51tcw3HDubYIxW01O5OQsrpENrW6WALhbNxYc4dDdIw6Ko/s320/islamic.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"> At this stage, we find
that the developing embryo and its sacs appear similar to a blood clot. This is
mainly due to the larger amounts of blood present in the embryo at this time.
And also, at this stage, the blood in the embryo does not circulate. In third
week of the embryo development, a tube from heart joins with the blood vessels
to form a primary cardiovascular system. And by the end of the third week, the
blood start circulating and the heart starts to beat on day 21.</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 23px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></span>Thus, the three meanings of
Alaqah have satisfied the embryonic development.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2kR2FsL-aOOmJziU8Tx4ttThbBQXHuGKpmGe6Grc_MMVYEiOBMZDJtL4Qv3-_0lsb3xqnc0_0HaIrQhOhfcJW1aHYKPQN5_YeseF-9MlXSOFPFOVR9Mw30PBfG-xMfg1tb4mdZr_8fia7/s1600/islamic+s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2kR2FsL-aOOmJziU8Tx4ttThbBQXHuGKpmGe6Grc_MMVYEiOBMZDJtL4Qv3-_0lsb3xqnc0_0HaIrQhOhfcJW1aHYKPQN5_YeseF-9MlXSOFPFOVR9Mw30PBfG-xMfg1tb4mdZr_8fia7/s320/islamic+s.jpg" width="229" /></span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">The next stage in the process in accordance to the verse is
the mudhgah stage. The English meaning of the word is “a chewed substance”. If
one were to take a piece of gum and chew it in his or her mouth and then
compare it with an embryo at the mudghah stage, we would conclude
that the embryo at the mudghah stage acquires the appearance of a
chewed substance. This is because of the somites at the back of the
embryo that “somewhat resemble teethmarks in a chewed substance.</span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/4KI9RobtYsg/0.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/4KI9RobtYsg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/4KI9RobtYsg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
These verses describe the
clear embryonic development process which had<span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>wondered many
scientists all over the world. How could Muhammed (PBUH) could have discovered
all these things 1400 years ago while scientists have only recently discovered
the embryonic development process in the recent times using advanced equipment
and powerful microscopes? Hamm and Leeuwenhoek were the first scientists to
observe human sperm cells (spermatozoa) using an improved microscope in 1677 (more than
1000 years after Muhammad <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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They mistakenly thought that the sperm cell contained a miniature preformed
human being that grew when it was deposited in the female genital tract. <o:p></o:p></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background: rgb(255, 255, 204); font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="background-image: url(https://i.ytimg.com/vi/J_Dllu42eEA/0.jpg); background-position: 50% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/J_Dllu42eEA/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/J_Dllu42eEA?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The descriptions of the human
embryology in Qur’an cannot be based on the scientific knowledge in the7th
century.The only reasonable conclusion is that these descriptions were
revealed to Muhammed (PBUH) from GOD.</div>
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Mohammed Nabeel Zubair<br />
XI-A</div>
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All these studies states that
the one behind the miracle is non-other than Allah,the only God.<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Islamic studeis</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">HOD:Mr Abdul Rasheed</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-32403486377943141562015-05-17T19:51:00.001+04:002015-09-09T23:10:36.498+04:00ISRA' AND MI'RAJ (PROPHET MUHAMMAD'S NIGHT JOURNEY AND ASCENSION TO HEAVEN)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">بســـــــــــــم اللــــــــــه الرحمــــــــــن الرحيـــــــــــــــــــــم</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Isra
and Mi’raj</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
is observed on the 27<sup>th</sup> day of the month of Rajab, the 7<sup>th</sup>
month of Islamic calendar. This incident marks the night that Allah (s.w.t)
took Prophet Muhammed on a journey from <b><i>Makkah to Jerusalem and then to the Seven Heavens</i></b><i>.</i> The night journey of the prophet to Jerusalem
and his subsequent ascension to heaven are two stages of an incident. The first
stage of journey at to Jerusalem is called the <b><u>Night Journey (isra)</u></b> and second journey to heavens is called
the <b><u>Ascension (mi'raj).</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On the night of al Isra and Mi’raj,
Prophet Mohammad was shown heaven and hell . He talked with many prophets in
heaven. He also received instructions on the five prayers. Muhammed (saws)
returned to Makkah before the end of the night. . His journey is remembered and
commemorated on 27th Rajab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ISRA (Night Journey)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Before the prophet took his night journey,
while he was lying on the ground in the Hijr (of the sacred mosque of Makkah), Jibril
(A.S) descended. He cut open the chest of Prophet Muhammed and removed his
heart and washed it in the water of well of zam- zam before placing it back. He
filled it with faith and wisdom to strengthen his belief. Then He took Prophet
(s.a.w.s) out of the mosque to where the Buraq (a heavenly steed) was standing.</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Buraq </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">is
a heavenly steed<u> </u>bigger than a donkey and smaller than a mule. According
to scholars the name of the steed seems to be derived from ‘Barq’ which means “Lightning”,
which refers to the beast’s speed. Buraq could place its hooves at the farthest
place it can see. The Prophet, mounted on Al-Buraq, with Jibril at his side
sped and northwards beyond <b>Yathrib</b> and <b>Khaybar</b> until they reached
Jerusalem. Then they met many prophets including Ibrahim Isa and Musa.When Muhammed
(s.aw.s) prayed on the grounds of Al Aqsa mosque, the prophets gathered behind
him in the prayer. Then two vessels were brought before him and offered him, of
one was milk, and the other of wine. The prophet took the vessel of milk and
drank it, and left the vessel of wine, and Jibril (A.S) said; <b>“</b>You
Muhammed, have been rightly guided to the nature of man, and so will your
people be. Wine is forbidden to you<b>”.</b> The prophet was then taken to up
to the Heavens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> MI’RAJ (Ascension)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From the site of Al Aqsa, Muhammed (s.aw.s) mounted on Al
Buraq again. Led by Jibril (A.S), they ascended to the heavens. At the entry of
each of the seven heavens through which he passed, Jibril (A.S) was asked for
his own name and that of his companion; Prophet Muhammed (s.aw.s).they met Adam
in the 1<sup>st</sup> heaven, Yahya and Isa in the 2<sup>nd</sup>, Yusuf in the
third, Idris in the fourth, Harun in the fifth, Musa in the sixth and Ibrahim
in the seventh heaven. They prayed for Muhammed (s.aw.s)’s well being.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">During the night journey, the prophet passed by people who
were sowing and harvesting and every time they completed their harvest the crop
grew up again. Jibril (A.S):”These are the fighters in the way of Allah.” Then
he passed by people whose head were broken into pieces by rocks, and once their
head is broken, it becomes whole again. Jibril said:”These are they whose heads
were neglectful for prayers”. Then he passed by the people who were naked
except for their private parts which were covered in rags. Jibril said:”These
are they who did not pay Zakah. Then they passed by people who were eating raw,
rotten meat, and were throwing cooked wholesome meat. Jibril said:”These are
the adulterators”. Then the Prophet saw men with lips like camels and in their
hands were fire-like balls, which when they eat would come out of their
posteriors. The Prophet encountered various forms of suffering, which the
wrong-doers have to endure as a result of their evil they have done in this
world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJC4-xIHWeKZthIt8QQfm0nPXO01Ua77IsELZz2llTzmokgX6EmFnO9_1x1ePrDewi_c8fm_pZf1wnqYd_8-DPkeF8s9dFyK2d3bspRbLgB31jXNLhU9yBX2fLtHimYhna6gM1-HMigr83/s1600/israa+wal+me+raj.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJC4-xIHWeKZthIt8QQfm0nPXO01Ua77IsELZz2llTzmokgX6EmFnO9_1x1ePrDewi_c8fm_pZf1wnqYd_8-DPkeF8s9dFyK2d3bspRbLgB31jXNLhU9yBX2fLtHimYhna6gM1-HMigr83/s320/israa+wal+me+raj.PNG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After the Prophet’s ascension to the 7<sup>th</sup> heaven,
he was shown the <b><u>Bait Al Ma’moor</u></b> where 70,000 angels perform
prayers daily. It is the heavenly house for worship which is the spiritual
prototype of al-Ka’bah. They never return when they leave. A new batch comes
the next time. And this goes on till the last day. Then he was shown the <b><u>Sidrat
ul Muntaha</u></b>, The Lote tree of the uppermost end. Prophet (s.aw.s) said:”Then
I was taken to Sidrat ul Muntaha whose leaves were like elephant ears and its
fruit like big earthenware vessels. And when it was covered by command of Allah
(S.W.T), it underwent such a change that none amongst the creation has the
power to praise its beauty”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thereafter Allah made fifty prayers day and night
obligatory. When Prophet went down to Musa(A.S),he asked prophet to return to
Allah and ask for reduction of number of prayers as he had been put to test the
children of Israel and found them too weak. On Musa’s advice Prophet (s.aw.s)
went 9 times to Allah for reduction and each time Allah granted it. But When
Musa says five prayers still a lot, prophet refused to go again for reduction.
He felt ashamed for asking for further reduction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This shows us that the burden of Muslims is much lighter
than that imposed on our ancestors, and it is within the ability of an
individual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <b>Four Things
Granted To the Prophet In Al-Mi’raj<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 5.25pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Five
Obligatory prayers<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
concluding ayat of surah al Baqarah<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Remission of
serious sins for the faithful who associate nothing with Allah<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The one who
intends to do a good deed and does not do it will have a good deed recorded for
him, and if he does it, it will be recorded for him as ten whereas he who
intends to do an evil deed and does not do it, will not be recorded for him,
and if he does it, only one evil deed will be recorded for him.<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Prophet Returns to Makkah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When he returned to Makkah it was still night. Some scholars
say, it took one-third of the night for the whole journey; from Makkah to
Jerusalem and from there to the seven heavens and back to Makkah. In the next
morning after the night journey Prophet (s.aw.s) told the people of Makkah of
his experiences. The Pagan Quraysh Mocked at the prophet claiming that it takes
months to get there and back. But when they said this to Abu Bakr, he said:”If
the prophet has said like that, it is true”. Abu Bakr was then called <i><u>As-siddique</u></i>
because he strongly believed in what the prophet said. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The pagan Quraysh asked the prophet to describe Jerusalem as
they knew he had never visited there. But the prophet had forgotten what he had
seen on his night journey. So Allah enabled him to see Masjid ul Aqsa. And he
described Masjid ul Aqsa and its surroundings in exact details. The pagans
accepted the description was exact. But they were stubborn that they rejected <b>Islam.</b></span><i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 12pt;">
‘Only those whom All<u>a</u>h willed to be guided, will be guided.
The person whom Al<u>l</u>ah did not will to be guided, will not believe’</span></i><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Book Antiqua', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></i></div>
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Anas Faziluddeen</span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-18595647215565072402015-05-07T20:32:00.001+04:002015-05-09T15:37:44.465+04:00LABOUR DIGNITY IN ISLAM <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h1>
<span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> LABOUR DIGNITY IN </span><span style="font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 48pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">ISLAM</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: #F6F4F9; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Rockwell; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></h1>
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There is no religion or ideology except Islam, which
guarantees the rights of the workers and peasants ie the poorest and oppressed
classes of the world. Islam not only guarantees the rights of labor but also of
the capitalist class. Islam respects all kinds of work for ensuring one’s
livelihood so long as there is no injustice involved. The economic aspect of
life envisaged by Islam is based upon sound foundations and divine
instructions. Earning one’s living through decent labor is not only a duty but
a great virtue as well. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The Holy Qur’an provides guidance for all human beings and
is a complete code of life. There are clear instructions for the capitalists as
well as labors regarding possession of wealth. There are two basic principles
laid down in the Holy Qur’an and Hadith for the master as well as the servant.
The master shall pay fully for the services rendered and the servant shall work
faithfully and honestly. Islam gives directions about the attitude of the
employers for equal treatment with servants and subordinates. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said: “Your brothers are your
servants whom ALLAH has made your subordinate, he should give them to eat for
what he himself eats and wear for what he himself wears and do not put on them
burden of any labor which may exhaust them. And if you have to put such burden
on yourself (in these works). Hazrat Abu Hurrairah (RA) reported that the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) said “ALLAH says there are three persons whose adversary in
dispute shall be on the day of resurrection, a person who makes a promise in My
name then acts unfaithfully and a person who devours prices and the person who
employs a servant and uses fully the labor from him and then does not pay the
remuneration.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) did business, but he set personal
examples of upholding the dignity of labor. He performed a number of tasks that
are today considered humble. The ‘King’ of Arabia, and in fact of the entire
universe, he would kindle a fire, sweep the floor, milk goats, patch his
clothes, mend his shoes and help in household chores. That is why Carlyle
regarded him as “the greatest man” and yet the “greatest worker” of the world.
His love for manual labor is evident from one of his Traditions. Once when
Jabir (R.A.) shook hands with him, he (the Prophet) noted some scars and
roughness on his (Jabir’s) palm. He enquired about it. Jabir explained that he
was a furrier (one who makes and fits horseshoes). Listening to this, the
Prophet kissed his hand.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p>Again it is related on the authority of Ibn Majah (RA) that
the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, “The wages of labor must be paid to him before
the sweat dries upon his body. “In another Hadith the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said,
“It is the duty of employer to take only such work from the employees, which
they can do easily. They should not be made to work so that their health is
impaired.” The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said: “He is not Momin (true Muslim) who
eats full stomach while his neighbor is hungry.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said: “Never has
anyone eaten a better thing than when he eats of his own hands. “The Holy
Qur’an says, “And that man will have nothing but what he strives for.” (53.40).
The Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) worked with his own hands. Previous Prophets
also did labor for their livelihood. Islam fully guarantees the rights of labor
and gives direction to the master for fair and good treatment to their
subordinates. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Employers have been given the rules of conduct in their day-
to-day affairs with the employees. The latter have to be treated justly and
kindly (Al Qasas:27). The wages should be reasonable — commensurate with time,
skills, and the labor involved. Wages have to be settled at the time of
employment and paid “before the sweat of the workman dries up” (promptly).
Employees are not to be burdened with excessive workload beyond their
capability as Shoaib (A.S.) said while employing Musa (A.S.), “...I intend not
to place you under difficulty. ALLAH willing, you will find me one of the
righteous” (Al Qasas:27). In the words of the holy Prophet (SAW), “A worker is
a friend of God.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Workers rights in Islam, <o:p></o:p></div>
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All people are equal. It does not make any difference to
what race they belong, what color they have, what country they come from, what
their gender is or what their occupation is. Young and old, rich and poor,
white and black, citizens or foreigners with legal work permits are all equal;
and they all should be respected, honored, and treated equally. Almighty ALLAH
says: [ O mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female,
and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know each other (not that
you may despise each other). Verily the most honored of you in the sight of
ALLAH is (he who is) the most righteous of you. And ALLAH has full Knowledge
and is well acquainted (with all things)] (Al-Hujurat 49:13).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) said the
following words in his last sermon:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">"O people, indeed your Lord is one and your
father is one. Behold, there is no superiority for an Arab over a non-Arab, nor
for a non-Arab over an Arab, nor for a white person over a black person, nor
for a black person over a white person, except through piety." </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT_XhXytNhoxFhpf_YkVGdS27RrhKy0fTYcg1Lhbnbdqy2RAQz9ngJ4x_wCoNuWwNL4QEjlTJR2DP0szbAUT0-6wIPsf8WZ9KzunBZN-x7M1LjxFKqLn3HWG8rlaCzS8VSJM3HHqIdXdlC/s1600/fayaz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT_XhXytNhoxFhpf_YkVGdS27RrhKy0fTYcg1Lhbnbdqy2RAQz9ngJ4x_wCoNuWwNL4QEjlTJR2DP0szbAUT0-6wIPsf8WZ9KzunBZN-x7M1LjxFKqLn3HWG8rlaCzS8VSJM3HHqIdXdlC/s200/fayaz.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Done by<br />
FAYAZ SIRAJUDEEN<br />
XII-C<br />
AL AMEER<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background: rgb(246, 244, 249); font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span class="apple-style-span"> </span></i></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1044055610227897943.post-19490786085528935842015-04-30T18:54:00.000+04:002015-09-09T23:10:58.765+04:00Natural Disasters;Time To Open Our Eyes <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"> بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-large;"><b><u>Natural Disasters;Time To Open Our Eyes </u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">Why are there so many earthquakes?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">Many countries have had earthquakes, such as
Nepal, Turkey, Mexico, Taiwan, Japan, etc. And the most recent one in Nepal
were almost 2000 lives have been claimed. Does this mean anything (from an
Islamic point of view)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">First of all, one has to reaffirm in one’s
mind and heart that whatever happens, whether good or bad in appearance, is
according to the Wish of Allah (S.W.T).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/rK9u2fOmGvY/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rK9u2fOmGvY?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">Praise be to Allah (S.W.T) and peace and
blessings be upon the Messenger of Allah, and upon his family, companions, and
those who follow his guidance.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">He creates and decrees whatever signs He
wills, to frighten His slaves and remind them of their obligations and duties
towards Him, and to warn them against associating anything in worship with Him,
going against His commands and doing that which He has forbidden. Allah says in
the Holy Qur’an:</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">“And We
sent not the signs except to warn” [Al-Israa’ 17:59]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">Undoubtedly
the earthquakes that are happening these days are among the signs which Allah
uses to frighten His slaves. All the earthquakes and other things which happen
and cause harm and injury to people are because of sins, as Allah says):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">“And
whatever of misfortune befalls you, it is because of what your hands have
earned. And He pardons much” [Al-Shoora 42:30]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">What
Muslims and others who are accountable and of sound mind must do is repent to Allah,
adhere firmly to His Religion and avoid all that He has forbidden of sin, so
that they may be safe and attain salvation from all evils in this world and the
next, and so that Allah will ward off from them all harm, and bless them with
all good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cxtZGZ4rCsg/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cxtZGZ4rCsg?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">Our
response when there is an earthquake or some other sign such as an eclipse,
strong winds or floods, should be to hasten to repent to Allah and pray to Him
for safety, and to remember Him much and seek His forgiveness, as the Prophet
(S.A.) said when there was an eclipse: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">“If you
see anything like that, hasten to remember Him, call on Him and seek His
forgiveness.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">(Al-Bukhaari (2/30) and Muslim (2/628)).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";"> A little reflection on the Qur’anic passages
relating stories of the past Prophets will show that God almighty has never
chastised a people unless He had first sent a Messenger to them who would
convey onto them the message of truth and warned them of their evildoings. It
is only after the people had opposed and willfully rejected their Prophet,
Divine chastisement befell them as a natural consequence of their doings and
not as an arbitrary act of God. The Qur’an has pointed out this Divine law of
chastisement or retribution at a number of places. For example, in surah Bani
Israel (17:15), Allah almighty says: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">“And, We would never chastise [any community
for the wrong they may do] ere We have sent an apostle [to them].”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; text-align: justify;">The
second aspect of the Divine law of chastisement is that it has always
differentiated between the believers and the opponents of God’s Prophets. It
has always befallen the opponents of the Prophets and not a single example from
the Holy Qur’an can be quoted where a believer would have fallen prey to such a
chastisement. This fact has been
described in the Qur’an at a number of places. For example, in surah Hud
(11:94), Allah almighty, after narrating the story of the Prophet Shu‘ayb (AS),
declared:</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">“And so, when Our judgment came to pass, by
Our grace We saved Shu‘ayb and those who shared his faith, whereas the blast
[of Our punishment] overtook those who had been bent on evildoing: and then
they lay lifeless, in their very homes, on the ground.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">Thus, according to the Qur’an, Allah’s
chastisement befell a people when they turned against their Prophet and
willfully rejected the message of truth, and, secondly, it befell only the
opponents of the Prophet without harming the believers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";">On the basis of the Qur’an it is, thus, not
correct to regard ordinary natural disasters as the acts of chastisement or
punishment from Allah.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6f20VD9DHnV7K7P54qSu0m3xlfjvBs7b2MA9nLr5IV8EZVCNYXHAuFftNRBKyrBaQVfCAaF0RZ3Yg6WWImQt8PGtTBg_TwwuXsWHuyp9oD6uluuRhhQAV3C3Cl3igzdkW9Al8fMPooiFC/s1600/IMG_5746.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6f20VD9DHnV7K7P54qSu0m3xlfjvBs7b2MA9nLr5IV8EZVCNYXHAuFftNRBKyrBaQVfCAaF0RZ3Yg6WWImQt8PGtTBg_TwwuXsWHuyp9oD6uluuRhhQAV3C3Cl3igzdkW9Al8fMPooiFC/s200/IMG_5746.JPG" width="108" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";"> Fahd Ahmed</span></div>
<div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Courier New';"> XII-A</span></div>
<div style="font-size: medium; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";"> Al Ameer</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Courier New";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09972515310722604307noreply@blogger.com2